general information

composition date
2006-2007
duration
25 min
editor
édition du compositeur
Commission
Suntory Foundation

type

Concertant music (Violin and orchestra)

detailed formation

Soloist
violin

3 flutes (also piccolo, alto flute), 2 oboes, English horn, 3 clarinets (also bass clarinet), 2 bassoons, contrabassoon, 4 horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, 3 percussionists, timpani, harp, piano (also celesta), 2 five-strings double basses [au moins]

information about the creation

date
September 5, 2007

Japon, Tokyo, Suntory Hall, Festival Music Today 21

interpreters

Mari Kimura.

Program note

Le concerto pour violon et orchestre Schemes est une commande de la Suntory Foundation pour le Summer Festival 2007 (Music Today 21), pour lequel Jean-Claude Risset était le compositeur de l’année. Le concerto est dédié à la violoniste et compositeur Mari Kimura, qui l’a créé au Suntory Hall en septembre 2007 avec sa propre cadence.

Mari Kimura a été la première à étendre la tessiture du violon aux sons « sous-harmoniques » : elle peut jouer des hauteurs à l’octave grave des sons normaux du violon. L’œuvre tire souvent parti de ce registre grave, qui se voit prolongé et amplifié par les altos, les violoncelles et les contrebasses de l’orchestre.

Même s’il ne faut pas accorder trop d’importance au sous-titre Schèmes, ses acceptions diverses voire ambiguës me paraissent à propos. Le terme « schème » recouvre plusieurs sens : image, structure, configuration – il dénotait la position d’objets céleste – mais aussi processus, plan pour atteindre un but. Certains philosophes en ont fait des emplois spécifiques : pour Leibniz, le principe essentiel pour les monades élémentaires ; pour Kant, une représentation intermédiaire entre les concepts et les phénomènes perçus par les sens ; pour Nelson Goodman, l’ensemble implicite de dilemmes liés à une métaphore. L’œuvre invoque ici et là les idiosyncrasies de la perception auditive : c’est l’oreille qui décide si le violon solo et l’orchestre fusionnent ou sont entendues comme des entités différentes. Le tissage des sons joue avec la dialectique fusion-fission, accords et irisations, harmonie et timbre. L’œuvre se réfère par endroits à des perceptions paradoxales comme des descentes infinies. Dans le dernier mouvement apparaît un schème rythmique déjà démontré avec des sons de synthèse : un tempo métronomique invariable qui paraît accélérer. Apparaissent aussi certaines figures du comportement des systèmes dynamiques.

Le concerto comprend trois mouvements de durées inégales. Le premier mouvement, le plus long, est plutôt animé jusqu’à la cadence, puis lent et grave. Le second est généralement doux et harmonique. Le troisième est une sorte d’ostinato, avec quelques moments erratiques, un long passage sur un mi bémol où varient accents, localisation et timbre, et un perpetuum mobile.


I give below a more detailed description – but I realize the enumeration of successive phases sounds somewhat arbitrary, while I hope that the flux will make sense in relation to successive figures, harmonies, registers and timbres, in particular thanks to the solo violin, either constrasting or seamlessly integrated with to the orchestra.

The first movement appears as narrative. It opens on orchestral « noises » — soft and dark noisy textures. A low rhythmic motive emerges, growing into a scale scanning the whole violin register and echoed by a vigorous orchestral « pillar » dispersed into mostly descending arpeggioes. The initial motive is embroidered by a dialogue between the soloist and the winds. A solo recitativo is sustained by low chords. The register opens up. A unison on E flat starts an episode where high sustained harmonies are underlined by ample solo melodies. Increased harmonic tension brings an amplification of the initial motive and a descent started in quarter tones toward a chord sounding like mistuned violin strings.

The brilliant cadenza has been composed by Mari Kimura : it brings together several advanced playing techniques proposed by Mari, including her famous low tones (or subharmonics). These low tones are expanded by the string orchestra during a slowly unfolding recitativo episode, with the earlier « pillar » again, followed by a sustained harmony to be heard again later.

The second movement stresses some polar pitches with resonances and trills. A harmony march supports a lyrical and insistent melody of the solo violin, then a kind of incantation around the pitch C leads into a variation of the initial motive. Then the strings glide from one chord to another, alluding to the previous harmony march but in reverse. The end of the movement is harmonic and quasi-static.

The third movement (a perpetuum mobile often seeming en route to chaos) starts with the solo violin turning a repeated E flat into a periodic motive splitting up into two lines. The period length is doubled several times. These period doublings lead to a phase where the regularity of the soloist is buried under random pizzicato clouds. An ensemble passage follows with random discontinuous pitches and durations. Then a syncopated brass tiling brings back the repeated E flat, with deviations and echoes from other instruments. The long variation on E-flat is a tribute to the research done by John Grey and mostly David Wessel on trajectories in « timbral space ». A snare drum ostinato maintains a fixed rate but seems to speed up - eight notes are introduced over quarter notes, sixteenth notes over eight notes, etc. This is echoed by repeated notes from the whole orchestra. A beating resonance – E beating with E flat - is animated by trills, then the E flat is repeated by various instruments so that the sound source seems to move around the orchestra. Then continuous or discontinuous motions happen in timbral space by changing timbres through cross-fade, then adding harmonics. The apparent source motion is reinforced by a stylization of the Doppler effect (a klaxon seems to go down in pitch where the car moves away – a tribute to Christian Doppler and John Chowning). Then the « perpetuum mobile » gets more feverish, expanding through the pitch gamut, with syncopated chords, string glides and uncontrolled descents. The solo violin plays a short melodic recall, ending with a glissando which triggers a brief expanding figure from the whole orchestra.



Jean-Claude Risset.

Part titles

trois mouvements. I – 11mn, II – 6mn15s, III – circa 6 mn 45 ; cadence de Mari Kimura dans le premier mouvement.


similar works


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